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Laser engraving - China GPS Tracking Mobile Phone - China Windows Mobile Phones by hi joiney
Laser engraving machines A laser engraving machine A laser engraver A laser engraving machine can be thought of as three main parts a laser a controller and a surface The laser is like a pencil the beam emitted from it allows the controller to trace patterns onto the surface The controller usually a computer controls the direction intensity speed of movement and spread of the laser beam aimed at the surface The surface is picked to match what the laser can act on There are three main genres of engraving machines The most common is the X Y table where usually the workpiece surface is stationary and the laser moves around in X and Y directions drawing vectors Sometimes the laser is stationary and the workpiece moves Sometimes the workpiece moves in the Y axis and the laser in the X axis A second genre is for cylindrical workpieces or flat workpieces mounted around a cylinder where the laser effectively traverses a fine helix and on off laser pulsing produces the desired image on a raster basis In the third method both the laser and workpiece are stationary and galvo mirrors move the laser beam over the workpiece surface Laser engravers using this technology can work in either raster or vector mode The point where the laser the terms laser and laser beam may be used interchangeably touches the surface should be on the focal plane of the laser s optical system and is usually synonymous with its focal point This point is typically small perhaps less than a fraction of a millimeter depending on the optical wavelength Only the area inside this focal point is significantly affected when the laser beam passes over the surface The energy delivered by the laser changes the surface of the material under the focal point It may heat up the surface and subsequently vaporize the material or perhaps the material may fracture known as glass or glass up and flake off the surface This is how material is removed from the surface to create an engraving If the surface material is vaporized during laser engraving ventilation through the use of blowers or a vacuum pump are almost always required to remove the noxious fumes and smoke arising from this process and for removal of debris on the surface to allow the laser to continue engraving A laser can remove material very efficiently because the laser beam can be designed to deliver energy to the surface in a manner which converts a high percentage of the light energy into heat The beam is highly focused and collimated in most non reflective materials like wood plastics and enamel surfaces the conversion of light energy to heat is more than x efficient example reference needed However because of this efficiency the equipment used in laser engraving may heat up rather quickly Elaborate cooling systems are required for the laser Alternatively the laser beam may be pulsed to decrease the amount of excessive heating Different patterns can be engraved by programming the controller to traverse a particular path for the laser beam over time The trace of the laser beam is carefully regulated to achieve a consistent removal depth of material For example criss crossed paths are avoided to ensure that each etched surface is exposed to the laser only once so the same amount of material is removed The speed at which the beam moves across the material is also considered in creating engraving patterns Changing the intensity and spread of the beam allows more flexibility in the design For example by changing the proportion of time known as duty cycle the laser is turned on during each pulse the power delivered to the engraving surface can be controlled appropriately for the material Since the position of the laser is known exactly by the controller it is not necessary to add barriers to the surface to prevent the laser from deviating from the prescribed engraving pattern As a result no resistive mask is needed in laser engraving This is primarily why this technique is different from older engraving methods A good example of where laser engraving technology has been adopted into the industry norm is the production line In this particular setup the laser beam is directed towards a rotating or vibrating mirror The mirror moves in a manner which may trace out numbers and letters onto the surface being marked This is particularly useful for printing dates expiry codes and lot numbering of products travelling along a production line Laser engraving has allowed materials made of plastic and glass to be marked on the move The location where the marking takes place is called a marking laser station an entity often found in packaging and bottling plants Older slower technologies such as hot stamping and pad printing have largely been phased out and replaced with laser engraving Mirrors on both X and Y carriages allow exact positioning For more precise and visually decorative engravings a laser table is used A laser table or X Y table is a sophisticated setup of equipment used to guide the laser beam more precisely The laser is usually fixed permanently to the side of the table and emits light towards a pair of movable mirrors so that every point of the table surface can be swept by the laser At the point of engraving the laser beam is focused through a lens at the engraving surface allowing very precise and intricate patterns to be traced out A typical setup of a laser table involves the fixed laser emitting light parallel to one axis of the table aimed at a mirror mounted on the end of an adjustable rail The beam reflects off the mirror angled at 45 degrees so that the laser travels a path exactly along the length of the rail This beam is then reflected by another mirror mounted to a movable trolley which directs the beam perpendicular to the original axis In this scheme two degrees of freedom one vertical and one horizontal for etching can be represented In other laser engraving devices such as flat table or drum engraving the laser beam is controlled to direct most of its energy a fixed penetration depth into the material to be engraved In this manner only a particular depth of material is removed when the engraving takes place A simple machined stick or angle iron can be used as a tool to help trained technologists adjust the engraver to achieve the required focusing This setup is preferred for surfaces which do not vary in height appreciably For surfaces that vary in height more elaborate focusing mechanisms have been developed Some are known as dynamic auto focus systems They adjust the lasering parameters in real time to adapt to the changes to the material as it is being etched Typically the height and depth of the surface is monitored with devices tracking changes to ultrasound infrared or visible light aimed at the engraving surface These devices known as pilot beams or pilot lasers if a laser is used help guide the adjustments made to the lens of the laser in determining the optimal spot to focus on the surface and remove material effectively X Y laser engraving machines may operate in vector and raster mode Vector engraving follows the line and curve of the pattern to be engraved much like a pen based plotter draws by constructing line segments from a description of the outlines of a pattern Much early engraving of signs and plaques laser or otherwise used pre stored font outlines so that letters numbers or even logos could be scaled to size and reproduced with exactly defined strokes Unfortunately fill areas were problematic as cross hatching patterns and dot fills sometimes exhibited moir effects or uber patterns caused by the imprecise calculation of dot spacings Moreover rotations of a font or dynamic scaling often were beyond the capabilities of the font rendering device The introduction of the PostScript page description language now allows much greater flexibilityow virtually anything that can be described in vectors by PostScript enabled software like CorelDRAW or Adobe Illustrator can be outlined filled with suitable patterns and laser engraved Raster engraving traces the laser across the surface in a back and forth slowly advancing linear pattern that will remind one of the printhead on an inkjet or similar printer The pattern is usually optimized by the controller computer so that areas to either side of the pattern which aren t to be engraved are ignored and the trace across the material is thus shortened for better efficiency The amount of advance of each line is normally less than the actual dot size of the laser the engraved lines overlap just slightly to create a continuity of engravure As is true of all rasterized devices curves and diagonals can sometimes suffer if the length or position of the raster lines varies even slightly in relation to the adjacent raster scan therefore exact positioning and repeatability are critically important to the design of the machine The advantage of rasterizing is the near effortless fill it produces Most images to be engraved are bold letters or have large continuously engraved areas and these are well rasterized Photos are rasterized as in printing with dots larger than that of the laser s spot and these also are best engraved as a raster image In this example of laser engraving photos were used to direct the laser stylus in the ablation of the etched material creating an engraving of photographic quality The laser power used in these examples was under 100 watts Almost any page layout software can be used to feed a raster driver for an X Y or drum laser engraver While traditional sign and plaque engraving tended to favor the solid strokes of vectors out of necessity modern shops tend to run their laser engravers mostly in raster mode reserving vector for a traditional outline look or for speedily marking out lines or hatches where a plate is to be cut Materials that can be engraved Natural materials Directly burning images on wood were some of the first uses of engraving lasers The laser power required here is often less than 10 watts depending on the laser being used as most are different Hardwoods like walnut oak mahogany and maple produce good results Softwoods can be judiciously engraved but tend to vaporize at less consistent depths Burning a softwood with a fan blowing on it requires lowest power quickest speed of cut and enough airflow to extinguish what is trying meanwhile to ignite Hard papers and fiberboard work well linty papers and newsprint are like softwoods Fur is not engraveable finished leathers though can be laser engraved with a look very similar to hot branding Certain latex rubber compounds can be laser engraved for example these can be used to fabricate inking stamps Paper masking tape is sometimes used as a pre engraving overcoat on finished and resiny woods so that cleanup is a matter of picking the tape off and out of the unengraved areas which is easier than removing the sticky and smoky surround halos and requires no varnish removing chemicals Plastics Standard cast acrylic plastic acrylic plastic sheet and other cast resins generally laser very well A commonly engraved award is a cast acrylic shape designed to be lasered from the back side Styrene as in compact disc cases and many of the thermoforming plastics will tend to melt around the edge of the engraving spot The result is usually soft and has no etch contrast The surface may actually deform or ripple at the lip areas In some applications this is acceptable for example date markings on 2 litre soda bottles does not need to be sharp For signage and faceplates etc special laser engraving plastics were developed These incorporate silicate or other materials which conduct excess heat away from the material before it can deform Outer laminates of this material vaporize easily to expose different colored material below Other plastics may be successfully engraved but orderly experimentation on a sample piece is recommended Bakelite is said to be easily laser engraved some hard engineering plastics work well Expanded plastics foams and vinyls however are generally candidates for routing rather than laser engraving Urethane and silicone plastics usually don t work wellnless it is a formulation filled with cellulose stone or some other stable insulator material Many light switchplates from companies such as Leviton or Lutron can be laser engraved Again experimentation may be necessary to develop the correct laser settings to result in engraving the surface rather than melting it Often the laser engraving is followed by paint filling the engraved surface to produce more contrast between the engraved surface and the surrounding surface Metals Laser on Stainless Steel SS316L The best traditional engraving materials started out to be the worst laser engravable materials This problem has now been solved using lasers at shorter wavelengths than the traditional 10 640 nm wavelength CO2 laser Using Nd YVO4 or Nd YAG lasers at 1 064 nm wavelength or its harmonics at 532 and 355 nm metals can now easily be engraved using commercial systems Coated metals However the same conduction that works against the spot vaporization of metal is an asset if your objective is to vaporize some other coating away from the metal Laser engraving metal plates are manufactured with a finely polished metal coated with an enamel paint made to be burned off At levels of 10 30 watts excellent engravings are made as the enamel is removed quite cleanly Much laser engraving is sold as exposed brass or silver coated steel lettering on a black or dark enamelled background A wide variety of finishes is now available including screen printed marble effects on the enamel Spray coatings can be obtained for the specific use of laser engraving metals these sprays apply a coating that is visible to the laser light which fuses the coating to the substrate where the laser passed over Typically these sprays can also be used to engrave other optically invisible or reflective substances such as glass and are available in a variety of colours S
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